A Comparative Study of Anxiety, Pain and Maternal-fetal Attachment between Women who became Pregnant after Infertility Treatment and became Pregnant Naturally

PURPOSE: This study was a comparative study to understand the levels of anxiety, pain and maternal-fetal attachment between women who became pregnant after infertility treatment and became pregnant naturally. METHODS: This study used a comparative survey design. Data were collected by 50 couples of natural pregnancy and of who became pregnant after infertility treatment who visited delivery room in C Medical hospital, Seoul. These couples were to have first baby, and cervix dilatation of women was less than 3 cm regardless of diagnosis. RESULTS: The score of anxiety of infertile women was significantly higher than that of naturally pregnant women; however, that of spouses showed no difference. The pain score for infertile women was significantly higher in both the active and transition phases. Pain scores that reported by their spouses did not show differences in either phase. The score of maternal-fetal attachment showed no difference between two groups of women. CONCLUSION: The result showed the importance of nursing intervention to reduce women's anxiety and pain, through both antenatal-childbirth education programs and assertive nursing interventions. It is necessary to develop and evaluate new intervention which would be more effective for reducing pain and anxiety for couples who became pregnant after infertility treatment.

Nasolacrimal Duct Stent Insertion: Causes of Insertion Failure and Reobstruction

PURPOSE: We performed this study to evaluate the most common site of the nasolacrimal systemic obstruction and causes of the nasolacrimal stent insertion failure and reobstruction following the insertion of the stent. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Nasolacrimal stent insertion was attempted in 26 cases(24 patients) of 30 cases (25 patients) with complete obstruction of the nasolacrimal system at the dacryocystography. We retrospectively assessed the obstruction site of nasolacrimal system, and evaluated the rate and causes of stent insertion failure and reobstruction following insertion of the stent on follow-up. RESULT: The obstructive sites of then asolacrimal system were junction level of the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct(80%), common canaliculi(10%),and nasolacrimal duct(10%). In seven cases, we failed to insert the nasolacrimal stent. Four of the seven cases had a history of previous operation on paranasal sinus or nasolacrimal system. At 4 weeks follow up, epiphorare developed in four of 10 cases(reobstruction rate, 40%). Inflammatory process around the nasolacrimal duct stent was conndered to be the cause of reobstruction in two of the four reobstructed cases. CONCLUSION: Success rate of nasolacrimal duct stent insertion was 73%, and failure rate was 27%. The causes of the stent insertion failure included fibrosis and granulation tissue due to the previous operation around nasolacrimal duct system and paranasal sinus area. Inflammatory process around the stent caused recurrent obstruction.